Corporate social responsibility british airports plc Essay

Corporate social responsibility british airports plc - Essay Example Seeing the potential of the project BAPLC share holders seek long term benefits and have also accepted that the approach for development should meet the need for corporate social responsibility. (CSR). Over the years the concept of CSR has graduated from that of philanthropy to greater involvement of corporate in communities and now is considered as a corporate-community partnership for sustained growth and development. This has also been institutionalised internationally through the Global Compact and in the European Union through the White Paper on CSR. CSR has thus emerged as a universally accepted norm of social responsibility for corporate. It has a number of components which are discussed in succeeding paragraphs. Universalisation of the principles of CSR and corporate governance crystallized during the World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999, when the United Nation's Secretary-General Kofi Annan asked business leaders to join the international initiative led by the UN known as the Global Compact. This was slated to bring together the companies, UN agencies, labor and civil society to support universal principles with reference to environmental and social issues. Formal launching of the Global Compact took place in New York on 26 July 2000. ... These principles are as given below:- (a) Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights within their sphere of influence; (b) Business should make sure they are not complicit in human rights abuses. (c) Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining (d) Businesses should uphold the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour (e) Businesses should uphold the effective abolition of child labour. (f) Businesses should uphold the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. (g) Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges. (h) Businesses should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility (i) Businesses should encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies (j) Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery. (Unglobal : 2006) The underlying principle of corporate governance related CSR is that the companies should undertake additional social responsibilities voluntarily which go beyond the regulatory frame work for good conduct of business and relate to the issues of social development, environmental protection, respect for fundamental rights of employees as well as the local population and adopt a policy of open governance. Thus society is an important stake holder in the company. This approach provides a unique opportunity for dialogue and management of change particularly in the present setting where BAPLC is establishing a new project in an area where local resistance is anticipated. The concept has support

MidTerm Study Guide Essay Example for Free

MidTerm Study Guide Essay The Midterm Exam is open book, open notes. The maximum time you can spend in the exam is 3 hours. If you have not clicked the Submit For Grade button by then, you will be automatically exited from the exam. In the Midterm Exam environment, the Windows clipboard is disabled, so you will not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. 2. You should click the Save Answers button in the exam frequently. This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your Internet connection does break, when you reconnect, you will normally be able to get back into your Midterm Exam without any trouble. Remember, though, that the exam timer continues to run while students are disconnected, so students should try to re-login as quickly as possible. The Help Desk cannot grant any student additional time on the exam. 3. See the Syllabus Due Dates for Assignments Exams for due date information. 4. Reminders You will only be able to enter your online Midterm Exam one time. Click the Save Answers button often. If you lose your Internet connection during your Midterm Exam, logon again and try to access it. If you are unable to enter the Midterm Exam, first contact the Help Desk and then your instructor. You will always be able to see the time remaining in the Midterm Exam at the top right of the page. 5. Assessments with Multiple Pages Make sure you click the Save Answers button before advancing to the next page (we also suggest clicking on Save Answers while you are working). Complete all of the pages before submitting your Midterm Exam for instructor review. Do NOT use your browsers Back and Forward buttons during the Midterm Exam. Please use the provided links for navigation. 6. Submitting Your Midterm Exam When you are finished with the Midterm Exam, click on the Submit for Grade button. Please note: Once you click the Submit for Grade button, you will NOT be able to edit or change any of your answers. 7. Exam Questions There are 10 randomly selected multiple choice questions each worth 5 points for a total of 50 points. The Midterm Exam covers TCOs 1-4, 8, 11, and 12 and Weeks 1–5. The Midterm Exam contains two pages, which can be completed in any order. You may go back and forth between the pages. The Midterm Exam questions are pooled. This means that not everyone will have the same questions. Even if you do have some of the same questions, they may not be in the same order. These questions are distributed amongst the TCOs. The entire exam is worth 200 points. On the essay questions, your answers should be succinct, should fully address each part of the question, and should demonstrate your knowledge and understanding in a concise but complete answer. Most essay questions require answers that are a couple of paragraphs (not a couple of sentences) that directly speak to each part of the question. Some students opt to work on the essay questions first, due to their higher point value and the length of time needed to adequately address each question, but this is entirely your choice. Remember to always use proper citation when quoting other sources. This means that ANY borrowed material (even a short phrase) should be placed in quotation marks with the source (URL, author/date/page #) immediately following the end of the passage (the end quote). Changing a few words in a passage does NOT constitute putting it in your own words and proper citation is still required. Borrowed material should NOT dominate a student’s work, but should only be used sparingly to support your own thoughts, ideas, and examples. Heavy usage of borrowed material (even if properly cited) can jeopardize the points for that question. Uncited material can jeopardize a passing grade on the exam. As a part of our commitment to academic integrity, your work may be submitted to turnitin. An online plagiarism checking service. Please be VERY mindful of proper citation. 8. Some of the key study areas are below. Although these are key areas, remember that the exam is comprehensive for all of the assigned course content and that this study guide may not be all inclusive. TCO 1 Definitions of Technology and Science, the Three Technological Revolutions, Technological Systems, Week 1 Lecture, Week 1 Readings TCO 2 – Technology and Historical Change, the Industrial Revolution, Technologies in Different Cultural Contexts, Week 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 3 – Technology and the Arts, Digital Technologies, Collaborative Technologies, Week 4 Lecture, Week 4 Reading TCO 4 – The Cultural Impact of Technologies (Computers, Cell Phones), Technologies as Artifacts and Ideas, the Social Shaping of Technology, Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings TCO 8 The Industrial Revolution and the Steam Engine, Determinism and Its Critics, Week 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 11 – Research Methods, Research Sources, Week 1 Tutorial TCO 12 Potential Impact of Emerging Technologies (GMOs, nanotechnology, robotics), Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings 9. The readings from the first four weeks are emphasized in this exam. Please make sure that these are read and that you participate in the discussion of these readings. Areas that were discussed in the threads will be prime targets. 10. Assignments will also be prime targets for revi siting. 11. Reviewing the TCOs, which I have listed below for your convenience, will also be a great preparation for the Midterm Exam. 1 Given one or more examples of major technology development projects based on scientific theory, such as controlled heavier-than-air flight or the Manhattan Project or cloning, develop a definition of technology that includes a clarification of its relationship to science. 2 Given a historical turning point, such as the fall of the Roman Empire, the Crusades, the Protestant Reformation, the growth of cities, or the collapse of the Soviet Union, establish the role of technology in triggering the event and shaping its outcomes. Given an account of a stylistic trend in an art such as painting, music, literature, theater, or film, determine what technologies were involved and how they affected the evolution of the respective art. 4 Given examples of the widespread adoption of a technology that changes the culture of a society (e. g. , cars, computers, cell phones, etc. ), analyze the technology and the patterns of its adoption to identify the sources of the technologys influence. 8 Given a consequential technological invention, such as the printing press, the telephone, the automobile, the microchip, or the Internet, assess the cultural, economic, or social changes brought about by the invention. Given a process for defining and limiting a topic, participate in a research project as a member of a student team that investigates, formulates, and presents its analysis of (a) an issue associated with a technology, (b) the characteristics of the technologys development, (c) its present and likely future impact, and (d) the ethical or moral issues arising from the development or implementation of that technology. 12 Given an emerging technology, evaluate its future prospects by identifying the cultural and social factors that may prevent or promote its successful application. Finally, if you have any questions for me, please post them to our Q ; A Forum or e-mail me. Good luck on the exam!

Burnaston Vs Valenciennes, battle of the car plants. :: Economics

Burnaston Vs Valenciennes, battle of the car plants. Bosses at Toyota tonight face a difficult decision tonight at where to locate their new manufacturing plant. The options they have are either Burnaston in Derby where they have a well-established plant along with experience workers or the town of Valencieennes in northern France. Here at the financial Times we have had a debate about which one they should go for. Burnaston: There are many advantages of them expanding on this site. They have a well-established work force with skilled labourers and a lot of room for expansion. They produce a total of 200 000 cars a year which provide 5% of the U.K with Toyota cars. Unfortunately they will receive no government funding for the extra project, as Derby has a high level of employment. Also it is unlikely to lift the sales of Toyota cars in the U.K so they will be paying a lot out in transportation costs over to the EU. They have the benefit of experience on their side and the fact they would only be paying 10% tax for each employee where as in France it is 45% tax a considerable amount more and they wages would be higher. Valenciennes: The advantages of basing they new factory here are greater than in Derby. They would receive 10% of the total factory price from the government along with waiving some of the employment taxes for a fixed period of time and would provide training grants for workers, as Valenciennes is a town of high employment levels unlike Burnaston. They would have a new Green field site but would have no utilities so would have to lay them on. They would be close by to motorways and rail links to the rest of Europe and the channel tunnel where they would transport engines from Derby. The idea of opening a plant in France is to raise the amount of Toyotas in France from 1.1% to 5% of a few years as it would be easier to transport them around France. They would also hope to transport them around the continent, as they would be near to major European countries such as Germany, Belgium, Spain and Italy. This is an advantage on Burnaston, as it would cost more to transport to the other EU countries from there. We think that Toyota should build the new base in France for a variety of reasons. They would receive more government funding for building in France as they have high levels of unemployment so a large corporation would be welcomed. They would also receive grants for training, as the

Neighborhoods and Crime

This article, which consists of an examination of data gathered from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, is aimed at gaining a complete picture of the neighborhood in Chicago. It is based on the spatial definition of neighborhood as â€Å"a collection of people and institutions occupying a subsection of a larger community.† The data gathered and the analysis based on such data are used to test the hypothesis that collective efficacy has a connection with reduced violence in neighborhoods. Collective efficacy refers to the social cohesion among people belonging to a neighborhood that is influenced by the willingness to act to promote the common good. The hypothesis was formulated based on the premise that crime rates vary in different neighborhoods, and such variation may be attributed to social and organizational characteristics extant in such social groupings. Moreover, it is assumed that there are factors at play other than those attributed to demographic characteristics of individuals. The article also makes use of two concepts of efficacy, namely, individual efficacy and neighborhood efficacy. It suggests that these two constructs are related in their similar means of activating processes such as social control, which encourage people to act in protection of the neighborhood’s well being. The question sought to be answered by the article revolves around the factors that influence collective efficacy. Again, this question has an assumption, which is that collective efficacy does not exist in a vacuum and is affected by various factors such as political economy and various contexts. Using a five-item Likert-type scale, subjects of the study were asked various questions about the social interaction observed within the neighborhood, such as whether there is a general feeling of trust in favor of neighbors or whether there is a likelihood of intervention in certain circumstances. On the other hand, violence was measured through questions about the frequency of occurrence of violent behavior and personal experience of violent incidents. Moreover, the survey measures were juxtaposed with independent records of violent incidents. After extensive analysis and presentation of data, the article concludes that collective efficacy may be measured at the neighborhood stage, mainly through the conduct of surveys. Moreover, neighborhood variation in collective efficacy is largely explained by three factors, namely, immigration concentration, concentrated disadvantage, and immigration concentration. In sum, the article was able to find data to prove its hypothesis that factors other than demographic characteristics of the individual residents of a neighborhood affect collective efficacy. Nevertheless, the article is quick to note that the study has inherent weaknesses, and suggests that further studies be conducted to explore other possibilities.

Principles of safeguarding and protection Essay

Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care SAFEGUARDING This booklet is designed to be used as a reminder and reference for people who work in the care profession The following are all types of abuse and their definition. Physical abuse: hitting, slapping, kicking. Sexual abuse: unwanted advances, indecent exposure, harassment of a sexual nature. Emotional/psychological abuse: intimidation, blaming. Financial abuse: misappropriation of monies/funds, not giving correct change. Institutional abuse: where a person is not treated as an individual. Neglect: inadequate care, denial of basic rights Physical Abuse †¢ Injuries that are the shape of objects. †¢ Injuries in a variety of stages or injuries that have not received medical attention. †¢ A person being taken to many different places to receive medical attention. †¢ Dehydration or unexplained weight changes or medication being lost. †¢ Behaviour that indicates that the person is afraid or avoiding the perpetrator. †¢ Change of behavior and personality. Sexual Abuse †¢ Sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. †¢ Tears or bruises in genital/anal areas. †¢ Soreness when sitting. †¢ Signs that someone is trying to take control of their body image, for example,anorexia, bulimia or self-harm. †¢ Sexualised behavior. †¢ Inappropriately dressed. Emotional Abuse †¢ Difficulty gaining access to the service user on their own. †¢ The adult not getting access to medical care or appointments with other agencies. †¢ Low self-esteem or lack of confidence and anxiety. †¢ Increased levels of confusion. †¢ Increased urinary or fecal incontinence. †¢ Sleep disturbance. †¢ The person feeling/acting as if they are being watched all of the time. †¢ Decreased ability to communicate. †¢ language being used that is not usual for the service user. †¢ Deference/submission to the perpetrator. Financial †¢ Sudden loss of assets. †¢ Unusual or inappropriate financial transactions. †¢ Visitors whose visits always coincide with the day a person’s benefits are cashed. †¢ Insufficient food in the house. Essential equipement not provided or removed †¢ Bills not being paid. †¢ A sense that the person is being tolerated in the house due to the income they bring in; sometimes with that person not included in the activities the rest of the family enjoys. Institutional †¢ treating adults like children. †¢ arbitrary decision making by staff group, service or organization. †¢ strict, regimented or inflexible routines or schedules for daily activities such as meal times, bed / awakening times, bathing / washing, going to the toilet. †¢ lack of choice or options, such as food and drink, dress, possessions, daily activities and social activities. †¢ lack of privacy, dignity, choice or respect for people as individuals. †¢ unsafe or unhygienic environment. †¢ lack of provision for dress, diet or religious observance in  accordance with an individual’s belief or cultural background. †¢ withdrawing people from individually valued community or family contact. Neglect by others (or self) †¢ Malnutrition. †¢ Rapid or continuous weight loss. †¢ Not having access to necessary physical aides. †¢ Inadequate or inappropriate clothing. †¢ Untreated medical problems. †¢ Dirty clothing/bedding. †¢ Lack of personal care. The correct course of action if you suspect an individual is being abused. If you suspect a service user in your care is being abused, you should report it immediately to your manager verbally and ensure the safety of the service user was paramount. Your manager has the responsibility to investigate and assess the suspicion of abuse. Your company policies and procedures should define what actions to take, and it is your responsibility to follow them, to ensure safety of your service users. All employees have a duty of care to report any concerns of abuse they have. These might include evidence or suspicions of bad practice by colleagues and managers (whistleblowing), or abuse by another service user, staff or their family and friends. The correct actions to take if an idividual tells you they are being abused. The key things to do when an individual discloses abuse is: Assume the person is telling the truth. Speak to them in a clam and sensitive way. Listen carefully and make sure you record what was said. If the person needs medical attention you would call the emergency service or call a doctor as appropriate, and inform your line manager immediately, or another senior person. If this is a criminal matter i.e. an alleged assault, rape or indecent exposure, call the police, if a senior was not on duty/available to do so. How to ensure that any evidence of abuse is kept safe It is important to record everything that has been said or disclosed, in the event of alleged abuse, include date/time, and sign it. This is because the information needs to be accurate, in case it is to be used in a legal investigation or proceedings. The written record should be stored in a secure place, for safety and to prevent others from seeing its content. If the alleged abuse is of sexual nature, it is advisable to ask the victim of abuse not to ‘wash’ themselves, or dispose of any clothing, as they may be contaminating/disposing vital evidence of the alleged abuse. This evidence could be used to convict the abuser, and uphold the allegation. The national policies that set out requirements for safeguarding individuals Safeguarding vulnerable adults’ policy. Protection of Vulnerable Adults. No Secrets. In Safe Hands. Organisational safeguarding policy. GSCC (General Social Care Council) Codes of Practice. Local and organisational systems for safeguarding Employer/organisational policies and procedures Multi-agency adult protection arrangements for a locality Local authority practice The roles of different agencies and professionals that are involved in safeguarding individuals Safeguarding Adults Board An interagency forum, which promotes the protection of vulnerable adults from abusive behavior and practice. Independent Safeguarding Authority Created to help prevent unsuitable people from working with children and  vulnerable adults, and work with: Criminal Records Bureau An agency which checks to see if people wishing to work with children or vulnerable adults have a criminal record. Sources of advice, support and information to help social care workers understand their own role in safeguarding Your employer has own policies relating to abuse, whistle blowing etc. Your line manager will help these and should be approached. These policies are my working documents as they inform my practice on how to meet my responsibilities whilst performing my role. However, there are local and national policies relating to abuse, which also have to be condered.

BUSINESS ETHICS essay

BUSINESS ETHICS essay BUSINESS ETHICS essay BUSINESS ETHICS essay1) What is the Categorical Imperative? How are the principles of Universalizability, Dignity of Persons, and the Kingdom of Ends derived from this Deontological Theory?  The categorical imperative is the concept introduced by E. Kant as a way to evaluate motivations for actions (). Kant stood on the ground that humans determine their actions by the categorical imperative which the philosopher viewed as the commandment of reason to act in certain way. In such a way, people could act morally or immorally (De George 71). While introducing the imperative Kant attempted to increase the objectivity of moral norms and principles and deter from utilitarian perspective on morality, which determined the morality of action by the principle of utility and common good. Instead, the imperative became the concept which admitted the presence of free will in individuals and the commandment of reason as the determinant factor that lead to moral or immoral actions undertaken by h umans. However, Kant went further in the development of his ideas concerning morality of actions and driving forces (De George 75). This is why he introduced the concept of the categorical imperative which was the absolute, unconditional requirement that asserts its requirement in all circumstances both required and justified as an end to itself. In such a way, unlike imperative, which may vary and depend on reasoning of individuals and different circumstances, the categorical imperative is absolute and unconditional that makes its the major criterion of morality that determines the morality of human actions.   At the same time, the concept of categorical imperative is grounded on the universal law or principle of universalizability that means that the categorical imperative is universal in its essence (De George 74). In terms of morality and ethic, this means that the categorical imperative is the core moral law which is unchangeable and unconditional whatever circumstances are. At the same time, the categorical imperative emerged within the framework of the deontological theory which held the premise that the morality of actions of the moral agent was determined by moral norms and principles on the ground of which this action was carried out. In this regard, the dignity of persons and kingdom of ends emerged as a part of the deontological theory and key concepts of this theory. The human dignity was the major value which determined the morality of actions since deontologists believed human dignity to be the major moral value that had to be respected unconditionally. The kingdom of ends rejected the utilitarian perspective implying that the ends justify means. Instead, deontologists insisted on the important of morality of actions and means to reach target ends debunking the superiority of ends over means.2) What is the distinction between causal responsibility and moral responsibility? What are, if any, the excusing conditions for moral responsibility? Wha t role do these excusing conditions play in terms of a) moral responsibility and b) moral accountability?The moral responsibility implies the responsibility of the moral agent for actions the agent carries out or inaction of the moral agent in accordance with one’s moral obligations. In contrast, the causal responsibility implies the responsibility not for the action, as is the case of the moral responsibility, but for the happening itself (De George 92). The moral agent should have the moral cause to act or not to act and causal responsibility implies the responsibility of the moral agent not for his/her actions but for the fact of happening of a sequence of actions triggered by certain cause.The moral responsibility is grounded on the morality of action or inaction that means that actions of individuals or moral agents should match existing moral norms and standards. The moral responsibility is the responsibility of the moral agent to respect existing moral norms and rules (De George 95). In such a situation, excuses to the moral responsibility may occur, when action or inaction of the moral agent had the moral excuse. In this regard, such a moral excuse is determinism which actually frees the moral agent of moral responsibility. In such a way, the moral agent can ignore his/her moral responsibility on the ground of determinism which make his/her actions useless if the outcome was determined by fate, for example. At the same time, if actions of the moral agent are immoral, he/she is considered to be morally accountable, regardless of determinism. Therefore, the excuse of the moral responsibility does not actually work in case of the moral accountability (De George 98). In such a way, the moral accountability should be distinguished from the moral responsibility since the moral accountability does not admit the excuse which is applicable to the moral responsibility. The distinction between moral responsibility and moral accountability is very important because it gives insight into the understanding of the difference in the morality of actions of individuals and their outcomes. Even though individuals can avoid the moral responsibility referring to determinism, they cannot escape from or avoid their moral accountability for their actions. At the same time, the moral responsibility has a considerable impact on actions of moral agents because the moral agent bears in mind moral implications of his/her actions since he/she is morally accountable. On the other hand, the moral agent can always refer to determinism to justify who he/she has failed to exercise his/her moral responsibility and committed immoral acts or admitted that immoral acts have been committed by others. In such a way, moral accountability being different from moral responsibility still correlate to each other because moral accountability is always present in human actions.BUSINESS ETHICS essay   part 2

Bead Bar System Development

Bead Bar System Development Free Online Research Papers This essay will concentrate on the interior composition of the Bead Bar. The Bead Bar is an establishment that permits its consumers to produce their own costume jewelry using gear such as wire, beads and string. Presently, there are three branches of the business composed of one studio, two franchises, and three bead Bars on Board. The role of the Bead Bar studio is to oversee the six Bead Bar studios that have 2 locations in New York City, Long Island Boston, Washington D.C. and the flagship in New Canaan, Connecticut. The franchise sector has the task of promoting beading supplies to stores that wish to open their own studio location. The franchise locations are located in Los Angeles, Kansas City, Chicago, Seattle, and Miami. The Bead Bar on Board is a moveable Bead Bar intended especially for cruise ships. The company is compiled of 15 full-time employees and 20 part-time employees. The Bead Bar has labored with their company due to lack of efficient tools. Officials at the Bead Bar made the choice to develop their business by getting mentors to assist them with making essential adjustments to the business. In previous years, good organization has been a dilemma for the reason that the systems that were in place did help them to take advantage of many needs. Since the Bead Bar has abundant locations all through the United States, a powerful networking system is imperative to preserve communication on the inside at each location for external communication with stores and area monopoly locations. Proposals will be made for the complex structural design of the Bead Bar, and the pros and cons will be weighed Background Computers are influential in operating the Bead Bar, due to the nature of the business. The Bead Bar is continuously processing request for supplies and totaling out consumer goods. When Bead Bar had a paper-based system, they encountered a high frequency of human error because they found it rather demanding to keep everything well structured. In order to get to the bottom of some of the concern, recommendations were made by consultants to purchase computer hardware, software, and database management systems. Currently, there are 2 notebook computers, 14 printers and 14 personal computers. The personal computers are equipped with standard keyboards. 17 CRT monitors, printers 2.8 MHz processor, 512.8 MB of RAM, CD-RW drives, and 80 GB hard drives. Each of the computers uses the Microsoft Windows XP Professional operating system. The Microsoft Office Productivity Suite was acquired for employees to do word processing, organize presentations, and spreadsheets. Some employees in sist upon one having access to Adobe PageMaker, QuickBooks, Interact Commerce Corporation’s Act! The Bead Bar operates on Oracle 9i database, which is a project database management system, intended to deal with the growing needs of the Bead Bar. As time moves forward, they are looking to arrange their records accurately through a network so their database can operate to its full capability. Recommendation Overview In order to operate a well-organized business, it is essential for the Bead Bar to have a mesh topology. The mesh topology would work well for the Bead Bar since this type of networking system is extremely consistent, and communicates information quick and efficiently. This particular layout would focus on the trepidations of the executives, and since the Bead Bar is spread throughout the United States, this blueprint would be the most cost-effective. According to questions tackled by executives at the Bead Bar, they would like network design and topology that would allow them to broadcast facts, and send data quickly, and if possible connect to other computers. The human resource manager stated concerns about the confidentiality of information. In this case a client-server would best benefit the Bead Bar. Network Topology The mesh topology would be the best fit for the Bead Bar. The Bead Bar has several offices throughout the United States and the mesh topology would afford a way for the franchise locations to communicate back and forth. The mesh network is perfect for a business that will have several system links. This network is highly dependable because there is no hub needed. The Bead Bar articulated clear apprehension about how fast data would travel between locations, so a mesh network would without doubt attend to this interest. This network runs well because each node connects directly to the other. The mesh topology is the most cost-effective topology fitting for the needs of the Bead Bar. Miriam, the Vice President of Marketing deems it necessary for all studios to be coupled so she can access information that will prove useful for sales and marketing strategies. Julia, the Chief Financial Officer voiced concerns in regard to the cost of the network. The mesh network would be the most appropriate network topology in provisions of meeting the standards of basic needs for the executives and it is also the most proficient topology that would meet their network specifications. Network Architecture The Bar must have a client-server architecture set up to facilitate their network. The client-server allocates computers, grant services, process requests, and act as a client. The server is an extremely powerful computer that is set up to handle multiple demands at the same time. The server is an indispensable source of memory, because it can function as a main foundation of all information storage that is pertinent to the operation of the Bead Bar. The server should be set up to share consumer data, and act as an effective storage unit. The client-server network architecture would prove to be more beneficial to the executives of the Bead Bar, thus proving useful for the Bead Bar. Some executives noted that they wanted the ability to transmit communication to the various branches of the company. There are some materials that the executives would like to keep hush-hush and maintain full control of the main source of data. All computers do not have to act as clients and servers based on the fact that there is no need for every employee to have access to company data. The significance of the company data would be sealed with the client-server network. Network Advantages and Drawbacks There are pros and cons to each network resolution, but suggestions were made based on cost-effectiveness and the basic networking needs of the Bead Bar. In order to meet the needs of Bead Bar and its various locations, a strong and consistent networking system is needed. The mesh topology is perfect for businesses with various locations because of the speed and competence of the network. Some executives expressed a preference for all computers to associate with each other, and the mesh network does fit that criteria. The server that is set up in this topology does not act as a hub, which in turn helps with the speed and success of transmissions. The mesh topology is the most cost-efficient topology that would meet the needs of the Bead Bar. The mesh topology is a good fit for the Bead Bar, and there are no drawbacks to this particular networking solution. The client-server design can be clarified as a divisive networking decision because it would regulate ease of access to company data. This proposal was based on compelling points made by some of the executives in respect to some possible security concerns that could affect the confidentiality of the company data. Some employees feel they should have access to all company data but that is not necessary. If a Bead Bar studio or franchise requires documents they do not have access to, they can send a request through the proper channels. The client-server database is suggested to protect the company overall. Based on all networking recommendations that have been made, the Bead Bar will be able to run their business more proficiently. With suitable networking, now the database can function accurately. The executives at the Bead Bar will be quite pleased once they see results from the changes; the business will grow as a direct result of an increased exchange of ideas because of the networking topology and architecture. Reference List Information Systems Technology, by Ross A. Malaga.Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2005 by Pearson Education Research Papers on Bead Bar System DevelopmentThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part One

Llamar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples

Llamar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples The Spanish verb  llamar  means to call. It is a regular -ar verb, like buscar or parar. Below you can find tables for the conjugation of  llamar in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, as well as the imperative and other verb forms. Llamar Meaning The simple translation of llamar is to call, but depending on its usage, the meaning can vary slightly. For example, it can mean to call as in call someone to come to you,  La madre llamà ³ a los nià ±os para la cena  (The mother called the children for dinner), or it can mean to call on the phone,  El doctor llamà ³ a su paciente por telà ©fono  (The doctor called his patient on the phone). In addition, it can sometimes be used to say that someone is at the door, knocking or ringing,  Alguien llama a la puerta  (Someone is at the door). Another meaning of the verb  llamar  is to name something or someone. For example,  Cuando lo adoptamos, llamamos al perro  Popo  (When we adopted it, we named the dog Popo). It can also mean to call someone or something by a certain name, as in  Su nombre es Federico, pero lo llamamos Fede  (His name is Federico, but we call him Fede). Finally, llamar  can be used as a reflexive verb,  llamarse,  to talk about what someones name is. To say my name is Ana, you can say  Mi nombre es Ana,  but it is actually very common to say  Me llamo Ana  (I am called Ana). For this reason, some people get confused and think that  llamo  means name, but actually, when saying  me llamo  you are saying I am called. When using the verb in this way, remember to include the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb. One thing to keep in mind when using the verb  llamar  is how the double L is pronounced in Spanish. In English, the double L is pronounced just like you would pronounce a normal L. However, in Spanish when there are two Ls together, they make a sound much like the English Y (as in yam), or often it sounds like the English J (as in Jack). There is quite a bit of variation in the pronunciation of the Spanish Ll depending on where the Spanish speaker is from.  In some places of South America it even sounds like Sh (as in shark). Llamar Present Indicative Yo llamo I call Yo llamo a mi madre por telfono. T llamas You call T llamas al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llama You/he/she calls Ella llama a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamamos We call Nosotros llamamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamis You call Vosotros llamis profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llaman You/they call Ellos llaman a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Preterite  Indicative In Spanish there are two forms of the past tense, the preterite and the imperfect. The preterite is used to talk about punctual events or events that have a defined ending in the past. Remember to include the accent mark on the last vowel of the  yo  and  usted/à ©l/ella  forms in the preterite. Yo llam I called Yo llam a mi madre por telfono. T llamaste You called T llamaste al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llam You/he/she called Ella llam a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamamos We called Nosotros llamamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamasteis You called Vosotros llamasteis profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaron You/they called Ellos llamaron a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperfect  Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about background events, ongoing or habitual actions in the past. It can be translated to English as was calling or used to call.   Yo llamaba I used to call Yo llamaba a mi madre por telfono. T llamabas You used to call T llamabas al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamaba You/he/she used to call Ella llamaba a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llambamos We used to call Nosotros llambamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamabais You used to call Vosotros llamabais profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaban You/they used to call Ellos llamaban a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Future  Indicative Yo llamar I will call Yo llamar a mi madre por telfono. T llamars You will call T llamars al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamarn You/he/she will call Ella llamar a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamaremos We will call Nosotros llamaremos a la puerta. Vosotros llamaris You will call Vosotros llamaris profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamarn You/they will call Ellos llamarn a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Periphrastic Future  Indicative Yo voy a llamar I am going to call Yo voy a llamar a mi madre por telfono. T vas a llamar You are going to call T vas a llamar al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella va a llamar You/he/she is going to call Ella va a llamar a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros vamos a llamar We are going to call Nosotros vamos a llamar a la puerta. Vosotros vais a llamar You are going to call Vosotros vais a llamar profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a llamar You/they are going to call Ellos van a llamar a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Conditional  Indicative The conditional  tense is used to talk about possibilities or conjectures, to talk about things that would happen. For example,  Si tuviera tiempo, llamarà ­a a mi amiga  (If I had time, I would call my friend). Note that the à ­ in the conditional endings always carries an accent mark. Yo llamara I would call Yo llamara a mi madre por telfono. T llamaras You would call T llamaras al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamara You/he/she would call Ella llamara a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamaramos We would call Nosotros llamaramos a la puerta. Vosotros llamarais You would call Vosotros llamarais profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaran You/they would call Ellos llamaran a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Present Progressive/Gerund Form In regular -ar verbs, you form the present participle or gerund  with the ending  -ando. This verb form is used for several purposes, such as to form the progressive tenses, like the present progressive. Present Progressive of Llamar est llamando she is calling Ella est llamando al nià ±o para cenar. Llamar Past Participle The past participle for  -ar  verbs is formed with the ending  -ado.  The past participle is used with an auxiliary verb to form compound tenses, such as the present perfect.   Present Perfect of  Llamar   ha llamado she has called Ella ha llamado a su abuela.   Llamar Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used to talk about emotions, doubts, desires, possibilities, and other subjective situations. It is used in sentences with two clauses: the main clause contains a verb in the indicative mood, and the subordinate clause contains a verb in the subjunctive mood. Que yo llame That I call David quiere que yo llame a mi madre por telfono. Que t llames That you call Mara quiere que t llames al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llame That you/he/she call Esteban quiere que ella llame a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamemos That we call Carla quiere que nosotros llamemos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamis That you call Francisco quiere que vosotros llamis profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamen That you/they call Diana quiere que ellos llamen a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperfect  Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is used similarly to the present subjunctive, but in situations that happened in the past. There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive, shown in the tables below. Option 1 Que yo llamara That I called David quera que yo llamara a mi madre por telfono. Que t llamaras That you called Mara quera que t llamaras al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llamara That you/he/she called Esteban quera que ella llamara a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamramos That we called Carla quera que nosotros llamramos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamarais That you called Francisco quera que vosotros llamarais profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaran That you/they called Diana quera que ellos llamaran a los bomberos por el incendio. Option 2 Que yo llamase That I called David quera que yo llamase a mi madre por telfono. Que t llamases That you called Mara quera que t llamases al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llamase That you/he/she called Esteban quera que ella llamase a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamsemos That we called Carla quera que nosotros llamsemos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamaseis That you called Francisco quera que vosotros llamaseis profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamasen That you/they called Diana quera que ellos llamasen a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperative   The imperative mood is used to give direct orders or commands. There are forms for all the persons except for those to whom you cannot give a direct command (first person singular yo  and third person à ©l, ella,  ellos, ellas).  When giving a  negative command, add the adverb  no  before the command. Notice that the positive and negative commands are different for  tà ºÃ‚  and  vosotros. Positive Commands T llama Call! Llama al nio para cenar! Usted llame Call! Llame a su abuela todas las semanas! Nosotros llamemos Lets call! Llamemos a la puerta! Vosotros llamad Call! Llamad profe a la profesora! Ustedes llamen Call! Llamen a los bomberos! Negative Commands T no llames Dont call! No llames al nio para cenar! Usted no llame Dont call! No llame a su abuela todas las semanas! Nosotros no llamemos Lets not call! No llamemos a la puerta! Vosotros no llamis Dont call! No llamis profe a la profesora! Ustedes no llamen Dont call! No llamen a los bomberos!

The Role Of Nursing In The Solutions Of The Smoking Issues Research Paper

The Role Of Nursing In The Solutions Of The Smoking Issues - Research Paper Example The reason behind the selection of the hospital is that the healthcare centers in the US are notified to have vast diversion and a large number of subjects, which can provide an opportunity to put quality care to the individuals available herein. In relation to this particular research study, sampling method will be selected as the approach for the data collection to ensure reliability and validity by enduring the research in the real environment with reference to data collected from the selected participants. Moreover, in order to conduct the research and address the importance of nursing education in smoking cessation, the template will be designed in order to input all the necessary information of individuals habituated to smoking. In this regard, as affirmed above, different healthcare centers will be selected for ascertaining the research objectives. The particular research study aims towards promoting education in the individuals who are addicted to smoking cessation and assist them by presenting valuable information regarding the various ill effects of such habit. Thus, the questionnaire survey will be conducted for the sample size of 200 individuals, which will include 100 in the study group and 100 in the control group from different healthcare centers of the US. The fundamental reason behind utilizing this approach, as the methodology to collect data was to draw appropriate conclusions in alignment to the aforesaid aim of the research. Moreover, in order to derive the ultimate research aims, certain questions regarding age, gender, marital status, education level, the period since they are addicted to smoke and any education sessions attended or not will be framed. Nevertheless, this data will significantly assist in providing a detailed view of the way they perceived education.

What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot Essay

What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment - Essay Example With his ‘Philosophic Letters on the English’, Voltaire conveyed profound appreciation of English life including its religious toleration, political liberty, and freedom of the press. Aside from religious tolerance of the era, he also supported the advocacy for ‘deism’ or a religious perception based on Newtonian principle which assumed the existence of a mechanic (God) that formed the universe. Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment. The age of Enlightenment also witnessed growing interest toward influences derived from scientific awareness the concepts of which had flourished through geniuses like Isaac Newton, who had his most remarkable creation of ‘Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy’ published in 1687. The mathematical proofs for his universal law of gravitation as well as the full account of astronomical studies initiated by Galileo, Kepler, and Copernicus were covered in t his work which also pointed out the essential rules of reasoning from which the Universal Law evolved. Consequently, Newton’s ‘Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy’ was crucial to the development of ‘Scientific Revolution’ wherein abiding by such is ascertained to reform a person’s view of the world, of European religious traditions, and of science in ancient times. The ‘Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy’ substantiates four primary rules to follow with the first being the admission of ‘no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearance’. Thus, based on the second rule, ‘to the same natural effects’ humans must ‘as... This paper includes questions and answers on the Enlightenment. Since the Enlightenment demonstrates a post-Renaissance interest focus in man as the enduring subject of intellectual revolution, the advancements of the era greatly favored reformations in philosophies and sciences between the 16th and 18th centuries. Hence, arts and literature were paid limited to negligible attention unlike in the period of Renaissance in which artistic pursuits of various forms counted in almost every aspect of living. Just as the Renaissance broke away from the Middle Ages when religious reign paved the way for the absolute rule of monarchs, so did the Enlightenment impair the spiritual and cultural values that were of indispensable value to arts and literature alike. While the Newtonian science, for instance, inevitably found its way to shape cultural expressions in the west, it highly manifests itself in philosophical forms complied with by Europeans who had attempted to determine parallels of sci entific approach with handling social affairs where discovery to resolve circumstances of human conflicts is of huge concern.

ARGUMENT #1 MINIMUM WAGE JOBS ARE STEPPING STONES Essay

ARGUMENT #1 MINIMUM WAGE JOBS ARE STEPPING STONES - Essay Example In addition, a record of coherent result, which clarifies when it can be said (and what it intends to say) that some case or disposition is a consistent outcome of an alternative. typology of contention which gives a structure of contention and examination by identifying the fundamental sorts of argument that need to be recognized deductive is monistic, henceforth one of the least complex typologies; others will recognize in a general sense various types of arguments. An account of a proper argument that points out general criteria for deductive, inductive, and conductive contentions;. The meanings of constructive contention outline which characterize great examples of thinking (sensible engages power, sensible assaults against the individual; and so forth.) and some hypothetical record of false notions and the part they can (and cannot) play in understanding and evaluating casual contentions. A record of the part that group of onlookers (emotion) and ethos and other logical thoughts ought to play in examining and evaluating contention and lastly that a clarification of the rationalistic commitments that join to arguments specifically sorts of settings. The difference of contention and persuasion has some recorded essentialist insofar as it is the premise of the refinement in the middle of rationale and talk as they are generally comprehended — rationale picking contention as its center, talk picking influence. This being said, the qualification in the middle of influence and contention remains a slippery one when one considers the contentions one finds in casual talk. Absolutely it must be said that engages feeling and character assume a huge part in standard contentions that happen in social, moral and political settings. In a contention about atomic strategy, for instance, it would be manufactured to uproot the feeling inborn in a depiction of the results of atomic war say, the the effects of

IT117 Unit 2 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT117 Unit 2 DB - Research Paper Example This may also include involving potential partners in the site`s account of the corresponding social medias accounts. Uploading videos – brief videos of the organizational activities explaining the products and services the organization is offering can be very helpful to the sites` visitors since some visitors would rather watch other than read what is contained in the site. Competent webmaster – it is of great importance to keep up with the latest internet trends in order to be up to date with others, otherwise the site might look outdated and this will not attract visitors. Considering that this is a non-profit organization, Karina ought to have included some features that would sell out the organization`s agendas to a larger extent. One of the things she omitted is the visitors` platform where the visitors interact. Here they can also leave comments. Secondly, Karina should have included a message from the director or the Chief Executive Officer in a small section of the

Virtual Classroom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Virtual Classroom - Research Paper Example In modern classrooms, learning has become extremely sophisticated due to implementation of technology in learning. Ideally, almost every aspect of learning has been virtualized. Libraries have been made electronic and traditional libraries only used rarely for rigorous research only. Teacher-student communication has shifted from physical to virtual. Many learning institutions have embraced virtual learning through online modules. The library thesis will consist of the selected topic, review of the literature, a hypothesis will be developed, the variable will be defined, participants will be discussed, measurement instruments will be selected, and data will be collected and analyzed. The results will be interpreted. At the end of this research paper, recommendations regarding virtual classrooms will be provided. Virtual Classroom for Middle School There has been a lot of controversy on whether or not to adopt the system of virtual teaching in K-12 industry. Many factors have contribu ted to this unrelenting debate. In a bid to provide solutions to unequal access to education facilities, many proposals kept coming along. In America, public schools mainly get funds from property tax. This factor makes schools in many developing and prominent neighborhoods benefit. The result is that schools in the rich neighborhood tend to perform better than the poor ones (Jarventaus, 2007). The poor and at-risk students are already struggling with other issues of life and therefore, being at the same level with others may be a mere dream. Certainly, education is the engine of mobility and therefore, embracing new technologies in learning seems to be the way forward in realizing mobility in the modern society. However, due to differences in societal issues affecting education, virtual learning comes in handy albeit with some challenges. In order to standardize learning, should virtual classrooms be adopted? Virtual classroom has both advantages and disadvantages if adopted in an institution. Traditional classroom methods will be compared to the virtual classroom method in hope of shedding more light into the debate on applicability of virtual classrooms especially at lower levels of learning. The question remains if the education system is going towards the right direction with the current technological advancement. Whereas it is possible for students at higher levels of learning to handle the challenges of virtual learning, implementation of virtual learning for grade schools remains a controversy. Therefore, a rigorous approach towards demystifying the controversy needs to be taken, at least to bring clarity into this controversial issue. What are the consequences of embracing virtual classroom technology in lower levels of learning? The controversy here lies on applicability of virtual classroom for students at lower levels of learning. The context of study in this case is in middle school level particularly students between sixth to eighth grade. Lookin g down the history, many can see a situation where learning had to take place in a teacher-student scenario. Learning changed tremendously when technology came up with many ingenious ways to communicate, access information, and disseminate knowledge to students (Cavanaugh, 2009). Seemingly, virtual classroom brought a lot of enthusiasm, as one method that would be time saving and less costly (Jarventaus, 2007

IT117 Unit 2 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT117 Unit 2 DB - Research Paper Example This may also include involving potential partners in the site`s account of the corresponding social medias accounts. Uploading videos – brief videos of the organizational activities explaining the products and services the organization is offering can be very helpful to the sites` visitors since some visitors would rather watch other than read what is contained in the site. Competent webmaster – it is of great importance to keep up with the latest internet trends in order to be up to date with others, otherwise the site might look outdated and this will not attract visitors. Considering that this is a non-profit organization, Karina ought to have included some features that would sell out the organization`s agendas to a larger extent. One of the things she omitted is the visitors` platform where the visitors interact. Here they can also leave comments. Secondly, Karina should have included a message from the director or the Chief Executive Officer in a small section of the

Project cost management article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project cost management article - Essay Example y because of the fact that not many people all over the world are aware of the value that the project cost management profession adds to a particular project. The study also highlights that the international construction industry has a history of projects which overran both in terms of time as well as cost. This highlights the necessity for an enhanced approach towards effective project control and cost management. With regards to the facts that have been mentioned, this scholar, in his paper, has endeavoured to review literatures in the field of global project cost management issues as well as the researches undertaken by number of professional cost management associations all over the world. The researcher caters to stress the need for the worldwide recognition of the project cost management profession as well as the development of international standards in this profession. This has been done on the basis of strategies and recommendations provided by global organizations such as t he World Bank and the UN with the underlying aim of developing ISO cost management standards as well as the development of various project cost management certification program, thereby, enhancing the professional standards in mostly developing countries. It is indeed true that the profession of project cost management is not internationally recognized which in turn leaves no scope of development for personnel who choose to work in this profession. Moreover, given the fact that there is no common definition of this job type, not much people are aware of the aspects of this profession (Smith, 2014). The profession of project cost management is known by different names in different countries (for example cost engineering in the Americas, quantity surveyor in the Europe and Asia) and therefore lacks a global identity. There is a hue disparity in the way project cost management is carried out in the developed countries such as the US and the US when compared to the way it is done in the

Political Diversity as Manifested in the Jesse Jackson Presidential Bids Essay Example for Free

Political Diversity as Manifested in the Jesse Jackson Presidential Bids Essay Baptist Minister turned Illinois second district congressman Jesse Jackson made two attempts to become the Democratic Party nominee in 1984 and 1988. In the 1988 bid for the White House, Jackson was defeated by Senator Michael Dukakis for the Democratic nomination but not after showing strong in initial state nominating conventions. Jackson then capitalized his racial (black) circumstance and challenged political personalities and organizational corporations (Steele A19). Despite Jackson’s strong impact to the country and American people during that time, his candidacy was expectedly marred with controversies. In fact, if he pursued his bid around that period, Jackson would have been prevented from being a political leader or worst, ended up not winning at all. The reason behind this is what Walton wrote as the Critical Election Theory wherein Jackson’s efforts to be the first Black U. S. President were questioned. Based from the presupposition of the said theory, his position that it was time for blacks to have their ways into the Democratic Party nomination and eventually the White House was evaluated in a manner that it would hurt Jackson more apparently due to his egotistical endeavors (Walton 49). However, the political arena has changed for the past two decades. As Barker wrote, the concern and uncertainty brought by the emergence of the black power and an increased awareness on the need for change created another level of enthusiasm for people to support now the black bids in the likes of Jackson and now with Barack Obama (Barker 3). Had Jackson made the bid this year or if he was the Democratic Party candidate against Sen. John McCain, he could have won the presidency just like Obama. The situation that catapulted Obama to the White House could have also been smartly utilized by Jackson to kick out the incumbent Republican President George Bush. If Jesse Jackson was the Democratic Party nominee for the 2008 elections, he could have handily beaten McCain just as well. Like Obama, Jackson possesses the charms and eloquence which convinced Americans to go for change change in their perception of politics, change in their views on racial discrimination, change to accept a new brand of leadership and change for a better and different United States of America. Obama was simply lucky that a confluence of events conspired to generate a feeling of anger and disgust in the hearts and minds of the American people on the mess created by President Bush who was perceived as insensitive and stubborn. Add to it McCains image of being conservative just like Bush. And both gentlemen were devastated by hurricane â€Å"Change† of Obama that in the process swept the Chicago first term congressman to the worlds most powerful post. Jesse Jackson should, in fact, be credited for paving the way for â€Å"non-whites† to be accepted by the Americans on the national scale. Yes, a lot of Black Americans, Asian Americans and European Americans, among others, won elective positions in several states but only few managed to be recognized as serious contenders for the United States presidency. With Obamas victory, it wont be difficult anymore for â€Å"colored† Americans to vie or the White House. America has truly matured into becoming the worlds melting pot of diverse cultures. Gone are the days that the whites dominate just practically all facets of American life. So when Jesse Jackson introduced himself as a Black presidential contender, it was just a matter of time before America installs a colored man or woman as their president. And just like Jackson, Barack Obama, despite his being a neophyte in politics, came at the right time when America was absolutely ready for change.

Speed Cameras

Speed Cameras Speed Cameras Is it another con? Or is it another excuse? Or just another reason to exploit the most law abiding majority of drivers amongst us, where it was reported at the time, that we were already one of the safest countries, in the world, to drive in. This great governments novel idea to introduce a speed camera; ‘a roadside speed camera designed to catch speeding vehicles by taking video footage or a photograph Wordpower Dictionary; Was it another illustrious plan to gain public trust? What trust? Apply greater pressure on to our police to enforce this ridiculous money making scheme, and basically thats all it is, its a way of squeezing more money out of the innocent motorist, when they should be out there catching real criminals; like our corrupt politicians as a classic example. The Independent has indicated the countrys biggest force; The Metropolitan Police has refused to put up more speed cameras, despite government support to do so. It argues that the increase of cameras would fuel public bitterness towards the police, in what could be seen as a getting even more money out of the motorist. Speed cameras are to be seen as nice little earners. In Northamptonshire, the cash for cameras scheme where the local police allowed allowed to keep the money from speeding fines; brought about a major increase in convictions. In Essex alone, a single camera on the M11 raised just short of a million in a single week. Chief constables were undecided as to how the cameras should be displayed, a highly ranking officer of Norfolk police, wanted them to be bright and visible. That avoided the perception that they are cunningly hidden away to increase police profits. However, it also had a flaw, because serial offenders will simply brake as they approached the camera, and then speed up once past detection. Richard Alleyne of the Guardian reported in the last year alone, the number of speeding tickets has exceeded 1.5m for the first time, twice the number issued back in 1997 when New Labour first came to power. They accumulated  £88m from motorists in one year alone and have since raked in  £1 billion over the past decade. Average speed cameras have proved effective at persuading people to keep within the limits though. Nearly 100 cameras were installed at road works mostly on motorways and accident black spots, and according to data collected from five active camera sites, 99.4 per cent of drivers obey the speed limits. The numbers of motorists killed and seriously injured after the cameras had been installed has fallen considerably. There are new cameras now and how they work are; they link wirelessly to each other, are capable of tracking vehicles for up to 15 miles whichever route they decide take over a vast area. The cameras, which are named ‘Specs3 are to be fitted at entry and exit points in built-up areas and on our busy roads. They are capable of reading number plates which record the time as each car passes. Critics point out that even these new cameras will not deter motorists from indulging in short bursts of speed, because they will still average less than 20mph either when they stop at junctions, traffic lights or stuck in traffic. On main roads, the average speed cameras issue fewer tickets than conventional Gatso cameras, which measure speed over only a few yards, according to the manufacturers. Richard Alleyne also states that a representative for the Home Office confirmed that these new first average speed cameras are to be placed in 20mph zones and that they have also passed laboratory tests for effectiveness, but they have yet to be officially given the green light, which could be as early as 2010. The new time over distance devices are also seen as a way of dealing with the problem of motorists braking when they see a camera then accelerating once past it. They have already been used on our motorways where despite catching far fewer speeders than traditional speed cameras, they have dramatically reduced casualties. These new cameras would be far more expensive, compared to the ‘Gatso which are getting pushed out at  £50k a device, in an area of London is one of the most profitable cameras which is located at the bottom of M11 motorway near Woodford, Essex which is alleged in raking in over  £840k a week, creating extra revenue for the government, the one good thing that it has in its favour is that it has created more jobs as the demand for cameras have increase year-on year since the turn of the millennium. Speed Cameras are a really splendid idea when are strategically placed in build up areas; around our schools and are placed within our hospitals areas, they are an ubiquitous sight on our motorways and our ‘B roads, where the majority of cameras are not needed, they are situated there because they are ‘areas that encourage us to speed if you dont keep up with the traffic; it is also deemed a criminal offense. How easy is it to creep over the speed limit accidentally? Research from the Think Campaign indicates that a cut in speed to 20mph has a dramatic impact in making areas friendlier to cyclists and pedestrians. One in 40 pedestrians struck by a car at 20mph dies, compared with one in five at 30mph. Traffic managers throughout the country see them as a way of restoring calm to Britains neighbourhoods without resorting to intrusive calming devices such as those ridiculous road humps and chicanes; which cause unnecessary damage to vehicles no matter what speed you go over them, even the slightest bump knocks out the tracking and the wheel balance; which can cost a small fortune on realignment and tyres. A huge decline in the number of road deaths was achieved between the years of 1983 and 1993, and they have been largely associated when they introduced front seatbelt wearing law mandatory back in 1983, along with making better-designed cars and having major reductions in drink driving fatalities. Factors likely to be responsible for the slowing rate of reduction between 1993 and 2003 include continued increases in traffic (up from 583 billion passenger kilometres 1993 to 634 billion passenger kilometres in 2002(2); sharp increases in motorcycle casualties (up from 427 in 1993(3) to 609 in 2002(4); a levelling-off of drink drive fatality numbers (up from 520 in 1993 to 560 in 2002(5); a decline in seatbelt-wearing and the increased use of mobile phones while driving. Another point in the decrease of deaths and accidents not attributed by speed was the introduction of the hazard and perception test back in 2003 (6) (Think) along with the theory questions prior to gaining your licence, making people more aware out on the roads. 1. (2001). Readers Digest Word Power Dictionary. London: Readers Digest. 942. 2. DfT. 2003b. Transport statistics for Great Britain 2002. DfT: London. 3. DoT. 1994. Road Accidents Great Britain 1993. HMSO: London. 4. National Statistics /DfT. 2003. Road Casualties Great Britain 2002: Annual Report. TSO: London. 5. Ibid. 6. dft.gov.uk/think Another interesting factor that contributed to these figures was the inexperience of drivers in the 17-25 year old bracket; showing no respect to our authorities and the people around them; thinking that the world owes them something; driving like lunatics to impress their friends and the opposite sex that are travelling with them in the car, break neck speeds which would even have the grim reaper laughing on their shoulders, crashing and causing deaths, resulting in mayhem on our roads and creating distress for the families of the victims. I know this because I used to be one of them, fortunately for me I grew out of this wild, childlike behaviour before I got caught, even worse killed. Many outsiders that are flooding this nation; bringing their bad driving habits with them, unleashing their inexperience on to our roads. A sound solution to this would be to increase the age limit to apply for your provisional to 21, (which I believe is under review); where we can only hope that they are all that little bit more mature and realise how dangerous a vehicle can be. To do this would mean that the government would miss the extra revenue that is collected in taxes from the extortionate prices the insurance companies charge these youngsters. Conclusion Speed cameras, are similar to speed limits, they play a useful role. The United Kingdom has fewer deaths on the road than most other countries in the world its because of tightly monitored limits. Especially at accident black spots, speed cameras can significantly reduce the number of road deaths. An argument can be raised for increasing the 70mph speed limit (and then strictly police the higher limit). In built-up areas, however, limits could be lower than they are now. Finally, we must remember that the importance of speed limits and cameras alike are to save peoples lives, and are not to be abused as a government made up tax. Speed limits exist to encourage people to drive sensibly; speed cameras exist in order to remind drivers that they cannot break those limit. Success, however, is not when the police funds are significantly increased because so many people drive dangerously over the speed limit, but a speed-camera job is if more drivers can (at last) persuade to drive at safer speeds. Bibliography DoT. 1994. Road Accidents Great Britain 1993. HMSO: London. (2001). Readers Digest Word Power Dictionary. London: Readers Digest. 942. (2001). Speed cameras are for saving lives, not raising cash. Available: http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/speed-cameras-are-for-saving-lives- not-raising-cash-664735.html. Last accessed 14 December 2009. DfT. 2003b. Transport statistics for Great Britain 2002. DfT: London. (2003). The slower speeds Inititive. Available: http://www.slower-speeds.org.uk/files/10myths031220.pdf. Last accessed 14 December 2009. National Statistics /DfT. 2003. Road Casualties Great Britain 2002: Annual Report. TSO: London. Ibid. Richard Alleyne. (2009). Average speed cameras installed in neighbourhoods for the first time. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/6743003/Average-speed-cameras-installed-in-neighbourhoods-for-the-first-time.html. Last accessed 10 December 2009. (2009). Speed Urban. Available: http://www.dft.gov.uk/think/focusareas/driving/speedurban?page=FAQwhoareyou_id=. Last accessed 14 December 2009 Paul Maloy Argumentative Essay 1st draft

Womens Ice Hockey :: Sports Essays

Womens Ice Hockey The fight for women's ice hockey players to earn respect and acceptance has been hard fought over the past one hundred years. Women have constantly been told that they can not play with men and that there sport is a second rate version of the men's game. The road of women's ice hockey has had many ups and downs but has perservered to the present day and is stronger than it has ever been. The future of women's ice hockey is bright thanks to diligence and hard work of those who kept it all going. Ironically women began playing the sport side by side with men over 100 years ago right at the sports inception. One of the oldest action pictures featuring ice hockey shows men playing with women. Part of the reason that women enjoyed early participation with men is because of the way that the public viewed the game. At the start, hockey was seen as a recreational activity. Women have been routinely barred from participating in serious and competitive sport, but if the game is viewed as merel y recreational then women are more accepted. In the 1890's this is what happened to the sport of ice hockey. Suddenly the game was more than recreation and organization entered, rules were drawn and leagues were formed. With the new structure came segregation of the sexes. As the sport progressed for the men, the women were left behind. In spite of all this, the first all female organized game was played in Barrie, Ontario in 1892. Women's ice hockey slowly limped on up until the 1920's. In the 1920's womens ice hockey began to pick up again. Amateur, college and junior level teams were formed and the women's sport became much more organized. In 1924 the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association was formed and would for years be the benchmark of women's ice hockey. Bonnie Rosenfield, a tremendous Canadien athlete who won Olympic medals in Track and Field would be the sports first true superstar. Bonnie grew up in a hockey family and became a very skilled player at a young age. She became irritated with the lack of opportunity for women and took up track were she excelled on an international level. She returned to hockey though with the formation of the LOHA. She became the leagues first star and became a role model for young women who also wanted to play the game.

BATTLE OF THE ALAMO

ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE. The siege and the final assault on the Alamo in 1836 constitute the most celebrated military engagement in Texas history. The battle was conspicuous for the large number of illustrious personalities among its combatants. These included Tennessee congressman David Crockett, entrepreneur-adventurer James Bowie, and Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Although not nationally famous at the time, William Barret Travis achieved lasting distinction as commander at the Alamo. For many Americans and most Texans, the battle has become a symbol of patriotic sacrifice.Traditional popular depictions, including novels, stage plays, and motion pictures, emphasize legendary aspects that often obscure the historical event. To understand the real battle, one must appreciate its strategic context in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835 a Federalist army of Texan (or Texian, as they were called) immigrants, American volunteers, and their Tejano all ies had captured the town from a Centralist force during the siege of Bexar. With that victory, a majority of the Texan volunteers of the â€Å"Army of the People† left service and returned to their families.Nevertheless, many officials of the provisional government feared the Centralists would mount a spring offensive. Two main roads led into Texas from the Mexican interior. The first was the Atascosito Road, which stretched from Matamoros on the Rio Grande northward through San Patricio, Goliad, Victoria, and finally into the heart of Austin's colony. The second was the Old San Antonio Road, a camino real that crossed the Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (the San Antonio Crossing) and wound northeastward through San Antonio de Bexar, Bastrop, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and across the Sabine River into Louisiana.Two forts blocked these approaches into Texas: Presidio La Bahia (Nuestra Senora de Loreto Presidio) at Goliad and the Alamo at San Antonio. Each installation function ed as a frontier picket guard, ready to alert the Texas settlements of an enemy advance. James Clinton Neill received command of the Bexar garrison. Some ninety miles to the southeast, James Walker Fannin, Jr. , subsequently took command at Goliad. Most Texan settlers had returned to the comforts of home and hearth. Consequently, newly arrived American volunteers-some of whom counted their time in Texas by the week-constituted a majority of the troops at Goliad and Bexar.Both Neill and Fannin determined to stall the Centralists on the frontier. Still, they labored under no delusions. Without speedy reinforcements, neither the Alamo nor Presidio La Bahia could long withstand a siege. At Bexar were some twenty-one artillery pieces of various caliber. Because of his artillery experience and his regular army commission, Neill was a logical choice to command. Throughout January he did his best to fortify the mission fort on the outskirts of town. Maj. Green B. Jameson, chief engineer at the Alamo, installed most of the cannons on the walls.Jameson boasted to Gen. Sam Houston that if the Centralists stormed the Alamo, the defenders could â€Å"whip 10 to 1 with our artillery. † Such predictions proved excessively optimistic. Far from the bulk of Texas settlements, the Bexar garrison suffered from a lack of even basic provender. On January 14 Neill wrote Houston that his people were in a â€Å"torpid, defenseless condition. † That day he dispatched a grim message to the provisional government: â€Å"Unless we are reinforced and victualled, we must become an easy prey to the enemy, in case of an attack. â€Å" BATTLE OF THE ALAMO ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE. The siege and the final assault on the Alamo in 1836 constitute the most celebrated military engagement in Texas history. The battle was conspicuous for the large number of illustrious personalities among its combatants. These included Tennessee congressman David Crockett, entrepreneur-adventurer James Bowie, and Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Although not nationally famous at the time, William Barret Travis achieved lasting distinction as commander at the Alamo. For many Americans and most Texans, the battle has become a symbol of patriotic sacrifice.Traditional popular depictions, including novels, stage plays, and motion pictures, emphasize legendary aspects that often obscure the historical event. To understand the real battle, one must appreciate its strategic context in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835 a Federalist army of Texan (or Texian, as they were called) immigrants, American volunteers, and their Tejano all ies had captured the town from a Centralist force during the siege of Bexar. With that victory, a majority of the Texan volunteers of the â€Å"Army of the People† left service and returned to their families.Nevertheless, many officials of the provisional government feared the Centralists would mount a spring offensive. Two main roads led into Texas from the Mexican interior. The first was the Atascosito Road, which stretched from Matamoros on the Rio Grande northward through San Patricio, Goliad, Victoria, and finally into the heart of Austin's colony. The second was the Old San Antonio Road, a camino real that crossed the Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (the San Antonio Crossing) and wound northeastward through San Antonio de Bexar, Bastrop, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and across the Sabine River into Louisiana.Two forts blocked these approaches into Texas: Presidio La Bahia (Nuestra Senora de Loreto Presidio) at Goliad and the Alamo at San Antonio. Each installation function ed as a frontier picket guard, ready to alert the Texas settlements of an enemy advance. James Clinton Neill received command of the Bexar garrison. Some ninety miles to the southeast, James Walker Fannin, Jr. , subsequently took command at Goliad. Most Texan settlers had returned to the comforts of home and hearth. Consequently, newly arrived American volunteers-some of whom counted their time in Texas by the week-constituted a majority of the troops at Goliad and Bexar.Both Neill and Fannin determined to stall the Centralists on the frontier. Still, they labored under no delusions. Without speedy reinforcements, neither the Alamo nor Presidio La Bahia could long withstand a siege. At Bexar were some twenty-one artillery pieces of various caliber. Because of his artillery experience and his regular army commission, Neill was a logical choice to command. Throughout January he did his best to fortify the mission fort on the outskirts of town. Maj. Green B. Jameson, chief engineer at the Alamo, installed most of the cannons on the walls.Jameson boasted to Gen. Sam Houston that if the Centralists stormed the Alamo, the defenders could â€Å"whip 10 to 1 with our artillery. † Such predictions proved excessively optimistic. Far from the bulk of Texas settlements, the Bexar garrison suffered from a lack of even basic provender. On January 14 Neill wrote Houston that his people were in a â€Å"torpid, defenseless condition. † That day he dispatched a grim message to the provisional government: â€Å"Unless we are reinforced and victualled, we must become an easy prey to the enemy, in case of an attack. â€Å"

Argument Essay Thomas Paine Essay

America is the most diverse country in the world and people come here to live the â€Å"American Dream†. Paine’s assertion is still true today that America is a diverse nation, however, the â€Å"the taxes are few† and there being â€Å"nothing to engender riots and tumults† is in fact not true today. America is known as the world’s â€Å"melting pot† for a reason. People want to come to the greatest nation on Earth. Throughout the history of America people have immigrated from a wide variety of war-torn, famine, poverty-stricken nations to come to a country that ensures an opportunity to make something of yourself. It has been a safe haven for people even before it became a country; the puritans escaped religious persecution from England in the 17th century. Then the Irish left a potato famine to come to America. This led to many more countries in the Eastern Hemisphere immigrating here to America. They came because there is no National language, no national religion, no dictatorial government. This is America where everyone is ensured equal inalienable rights, wherever a person is from. But Paine was wrong when he said â€Å"the poor are not oppressed, the rich are not privileged. There is poverty in America and the rich are very privileged. New York City would prove this exactly. There’s the rich: walking the town, head high, looking through the expensive shops and eating at lavish restaurants. And on the other side of the street there is the homeless: head down, looking through trash cans for food, walking down the side walk begging for loose change. This is not the America Thomas Paine envisions. And his statement of a riot free country has never existed. It starts with Shay’s rebellion in the 1880’s, consisting of western Massachusetts farmers rioting over taxation- another thing Paine says will be few; then with the suffrage movement for women in the early 20th century. And a very large one took place in the 1960’s for Civil Rights’ which was led by Dr. Martin Luther King. Even today people protest government decisions such as Gay marriage or abortion, There will always be people who disagree with the government. Thomas Paine’s view of a perfect America will never happen. We are the country that people dream to come to and we are the most diverse.

Case Study of Karen

Case study – KAREN This assignment is about Karen Lee who comes for personal counseling. As a therapist I use two theories (Psychoanalytic Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy) separately to help her in solving her problem. Psychoanalytic therapy, basic assumption of human nature: Psychoanalytic treatment is highly individualized and seeks to show how the unconscious factors affect behavior patterns, relationships, and overall mental health.Treatment traces the unconscious factors to their origins, shows how they have evolved and developed over the course of many years, and subsequently helps individuals to overcome the challenges they face in life (National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, 1998). As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on the concept that individuals are unaware of the many factors that cause their behavior and emotions.These unconscious factors have the potential to produce unhappiness, which in turn is expressed through a score of distinguishab le symptoms, including disturbing personality traits, difficulty in relating to others, or disturbances in self-esteem or general disposition (American Psychoanalytic Association, 1998). In An Outline of Psychoanalysis, Freud (1949) explains the principal tenets on which psychoanalytic theory is based 1. human behavior and thinking are largely determined by irrational drives; 2. those drives are largely not conscious; 3. ttempt to bring those drives into awareness meets defense (resistance) in many different forms; 4. beside the inherited constitution of personality, one's development is determined by events in early childhood; 5. conflicts between conscious view of reality and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression etc. ; 6. the liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved through bringing this material into the consciousness Freud begins with an explanation of the three forces of the psychical apparatus–the id, the ego, and the superego.The id has the quality of being unconscious and contains everything that is inherited, everything that is present at birth, and the instincts (Freud, 1949). The ego has the quality of being conscious and is responsible for controlling the demands of the id and of the instincts, becoming aware of stimuli, and serving as a link between the id and the external world. In addition, the ego responds to stimulation by either adaptation or flight, regulates activity, and strives to achieve pleasure and avoid displeasure (Freud, 1949).Finally, the superego, whose demands are managed by the id, is responsible for the limitation of satisfactions and represents the influence of others, such as parents, teachers, and role models, as well as the impact of racial, societal, and cultural traditions (Freud, 1949). Psychoanalysis fostered interest in human emotional and psychological development traced back to a young age. The human can be seen from a much more holistic viewpoint as one looks at the psychoanalytic theory, which combines the inner workings of the mind and attempts to explain them in the context of a dynamic social environment.Karen-cade study The focus is on how Karen’s childhood experiences create an internalized interpersonal model for relationships. The treatment plan is based on a three-pointed outline: 1. The Problem list 2. Problem Formulation 3. Intervention Karen reports general dissatisfaction of her life, she feels some panic over reaching the age of 39, She has been troubled with a range of psychosomatic complaints including sleep disorders, anxiety, dizziness, heart palpitation, and headaches. She often feels depressed, and she is concern about loosing her looks with her overweight and aging.According to the psychoanalytic theory, the focus is on bringing unconscious to the conscious. Karen case study shows she has repressed. She never wants anything for herself and she typic ally lived up to what other in her life wanted for her. Karen’s gender-role identification was fraught with difficulties. She learned the basis of female-male relationships through her early experiences with her parents. What she saw, was her father as a distant, authoritarian and rigidperson that every actions of her father should never be questioned and everyone should obey his standard and rules.She remembers her mother who was supportive but critical and Karen thought the she would never do enough to please her. She generalized this pattern through her life. It could be further hypothesized that the man be married was similar to her father, and she used her mother as a role model by becoming a homemaker. In a critical incident took place when she was 6 years old, her father caught her during â€Å"playing doctor† with an 8-years-old boy. She reports â€Å"He lectured me and refused to speak me for week. I felt extremely guilty and ashamed. † She repressed he r own emerging sexuality and carried the feeling of guilt into her adolescence.She was not allowed to date until she completed high school. She married the first person she had dated. It could be further hypothesized that she lived up to what othersin her life wanted for her and she generalized it to relation with her children, it’s very difficult for her to cope herself with children’s rebellion especially about her daughter, Jane. She is not satisfied with her husband relationships, and she is anxious over the prospects of challenging this relationship, fearing that she does, she might end up alone. In a general sense, psychoanalytic case formulations always have interpersonal foundations.These foundations are built from repeated child-caretaker interactions, subsequently internalized, and later manifest themselves in clients’ daily live. Consequently Karen’s depressive and anxiety symptoms are traced to early childhood interpersonal experiences andobse rvedduring her life. According to the Karen’s presenting problem and psychological history, her intervention package can be as follow: 1. to motivate her for therapy 2. to reduce her anxiety 3. to emphasize on primacy on self-experience which help her to improve her self-esteem â€Å"Typical change process in psychoanalytic therapy includes four parts: 1.Cognitive insight (usually a repeating maladaptive interpersonal pattern) 2. Practice in detecting maladaptive   mental and interpersonal patterns 3. Creating new and more satisfying interpersonal experiences† 4. Internalization of new and more satisfying interpersonal experiences (John Sommers1957) As I told before, the goal is to† bring unconscious to conscious and it’s not limited to solving problem and learning new behaviors, there is a deeper probing into the past to develop the level of self-understanding that is assumed to be necessary for change in character. (Corey 2009) During therapy, therapis t explores some of these questions with Karen: â€Å"What did you do when you felt unloved in the childhood? As a child what did you do with your negative feelings? Could you express your rage, hostility, hurt, and fears? What effects did your relationship with mother and father have on you? What did this teach you about all women and men? Brought into the here and now of the transference relationship, questions might include â€Å"When you have felt anything like this with me? and What are you learning from our relationship about how relationship with women or men might go?As she comes to understand how she has been shaped by these past experiences, she is increasingly able to exert control over her present functioning. Many of Karen’s fear become conscious, and then her energy does not have to remain fixed on defending herself from unconscious feelings instead, she can decision about her current life. † (Corey 2009) Cognitive behavior therapy, basic assumption of hu man nature: Human nature as believed by my theoretical approach is that we are all capable of loving, happiness, and even self-actualization, however, we also have tendencies toward self-destruction, self-blame, intolerance, and perfectionism.Because we are the inclination to think rationally and irrationally, the theory believe that we can train ourselves to refuse to become upset and resist irrational thoughts by repeating relational thoughts to ourselves and we have capacity to change by choosing to react differently to situations. Ellis assumes that we are self-taking, self-evaluating and self-sustaining. We develop emotional and behavioral difficulties when we mistake simple preferences (desires for love, approval, success).Ellis again affirms that we have an inborn tendency toward growth and actualization, yet we often sabotage our movement toward growth due to self-defeating patterns we have learned. (Ellis, 1999). Although, irrational beliefs can be learned from significant others, human beings are believed to create irrational dogmas and superstitions by themselves and reinforce self-defeating beliefs by the process of autosuggestion and self-repetition and by behaving as if they are useful. Therefore, it is our own indoctrinated irrational thoughts that keep dysfunctional attitudes alive and operative within us. Karen- case studyIn assessment of problem, behaviorally she acts defensive, avoids eye contact, speaks rapidly, and fidgets constantly with her clothes. She lives with her husband and her three children but, generally she is not satisfied of her life. Emotionally she feels unsecure and unappreciated in her relation with her husband and her children, she has experienced some of specific problems such as anxiety, sleep disorder, panic attacks and depression. In cognition area she fears about aging, she fears of not succeeding in professional world and worries about how becoming more professionally involved might threat her family.She concerns a bout losing her children. She is anxious over the prospects of changing the relationships with her husband, fearing if she does, she might end up alone. After assessment of the problem, the intervention package focused on the following: 1. To motivate the patient for therapy 2. To prepare Karen to deal with and face phobic situations she avoided due to anxiety 3. To reduce her anxiety 4. To reduce inferiority complex and increase self-esteem 5. To modify her negative thoughtsTherapist helps client to understand how to change irrational thoughts to rational thoughts and teach her positive thinking and consideration of positive data in critical situation. Therapist pays more attention to the present time and focuses on causes of client’s discomfort in present time. In Karen’s case the most reason and greatest catalyst that triggered her to come for therapy is the increase of her physical symptoms and anxiety. Karen’s therapist should focuses on helping her in defi ning the particular areas that Karen would like to change after completing this assessment.They work together and make a plan for treatment. Therapist helps Karen to understand the purposes of her behaviors and then teach her about how the therapy sessions can help her to reach her goals. CBT helps Karen to understand that she is responsible for his own life and she should b active. According to the case study, she completed a course in introduction to counseling, that encouraged her to have a look at the direction of her life and she took an honest look at her life. Karen finds wondering what she should want and what she should be doing.It shows that she is aware of her life and she wants to change but she fears and she doesn’t know exactly what she wants. Therapist should help her to understand in which area she wants to change. The first things that she wants now, is being successful in her professional world. Therapist uses questioning process to develop a picture of her difficulties. Karen’s concrete aims include her craving to function professionally without being tense and worry about every little thing in her life. As a practice, therapist asks Karen to keep a record of when she feels tense or worry and what events make these feelings.Karen indicates that she worries about her right to think and act selfishly. Behavioral skills therapy is good for her because she has trouble talking with her family. This procedure includes modeling, roleplaying and behavior rehearsal. Then she tries more effective behaviors with her therapist who plays the role of herfamily members and then gives feedback how strong or apologetic she seemed. Karen’s anxiety about her relationship with her husband can also be explored using behavior rehearsal (in case that therapist is male). The therapist plays as her Karen’s husband, Tim.She practices being the way she would like to be with Tim and says the things to her therapist that she might be afraid t o say to her husband. During this rehearsal, Karen can explore her fears, get feedback on the effects of her behavior, and experiment with more assertive behavior. Next, she is requires to list down her specific fears. Karen identifies her greatest fear is not able to function both professionally and responsibility to her family if she branches out. The least fearful situation she identifies is concerning over aging and her â€Å"looks†.Before moving into this simulated situation/ role play techniques, the therapist first does some systematic desensitization on Karen’s fear items hierarchy. Karen then begins repeated, systematic exposure to items she finds frightening, beginning at the bottom of the fear hierarchy. She continues with repeated exposure to the next fear hierarchy item when exposure to the previous item no longer makes Karen anxious. Part of the process involves exposure exercises for practice in various situations away from the therapy office. The goal o f the therapy is to help Karen modify the behavior that results in her feelings of guilt and anxiety.By learning more appropriate coping behavior, eliminating unrealistic anxiety and guilt, and acquiring more adaptive responses, Karen’s presenting symptoms decrease, and he reports a greater degree of satisfaction. As a conclusion according to Karen’s problems, a combination of cognitive, emotional and behavioral approaches (Cognitive Behavior Therapy) is effective and is the first choice of treatment for her anxiety and depression although, there are a number of ways in which common treatment elements for anxiety and depression may facilitate symptom reduction in both disorders. The cognitive restructuring skills typically employed in CBT provide patients with skills to identify, evaluate, and modify maladaptive negative thinking styles more generally. †(Michael W. Otto   2010) References †¢ Freud, S. (1949). An outline of psychoanalysis. New York: Norton. †¢Gerald Corey. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling Psychology. USA: Brooks/Cole †¢ Jesse H. wright, Monica Ramirez, Michael E. Thase. (2006). Learning Cognitive Behavior Therapy . USA: American Psychiatric Publishing. †¢ Judith S. Beck. (2011). Cognitive Behavior Therapy basics and beyond.New York: Guilford Press †¢ John Sommers, Rita Sommers. (1957). Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories. USA: John Wiley and Sons. †¢ Keith S. Dobson. (2010). Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Therapies. New York:Guilford Press †¢ Michael W. Otto, Stefan G. Hofman. (2010). Avoiding Treatment Failure in the Anxiety Disorders. USA: Springer †¢William. T. O’Donohue, Jane E. fisher. (2008). Cognitive Behavior Therapy. New York: John wiley. †¢ American Psychoanalytic Association (1998, January 31). About psychoanalysis  [WWW document]. Retrieved on 12 June 2012 from http://www. apsa. org/pubinfo/about. htm